Income Inequality

TCS Daily has a nice little article about income inequality. While I recommend reading the whole thing (it isn't very long), here is a summary of the points made:

• Those who advocate leaving things up to markets are not necessarily believing in market forces with blind faith. Rather, while we recognize that markets fail and that government intervention is another option, we believe that government fails much more frequently than markets do.
• Income inequality is a poor measure of prosperity. That is, who cares what one's position is relative to someone else's? What really matters is how well off one is in more absolute terms.

CEO Pay

Townhall has a good, one page article entitled "In Defense of CEO Compensation" in which the author presents a nice, concise overview of the defense of high CEO pay. Money quote:

"It's sad that this is the level of economic literacy among the media. If the press ignored advances in other scientific fields as much as they do in economics, we'd see weathermen advising readers to offer sacrifices to the rain gods."

Also, as an extra added bonus, the author takes an off-the-cuff shot at unintended consequences of government regulation vis-a-vis corporate raiders.

Redistributing Campaign Wealth

ScrappleFace has another hilarious piece, this one about Barak Obama and Hillary Clinton redistributing their campaign money to less fortunate candidates. Read it - it's short and sweet - a great way to start Monday.

HT: Club for Growth

More on the Pay Gap

From U.S. News and World Report article:

The April release of Behind the Pay Gap by the American Association of University Women Education Foundation reported that one year after college graduation, women working full time earn just 80 percent as much as their male counterparts. The report noted that one potential reason for this difference is that female students are clustered in college majors tied to careers that lead to smaller paychecks. Areas such as education, health, and psychology are dominated by women, while men make up the majority of engineering, physical science, and mathematics majors—occupations that typically pay more.

More on the Gender Pay Gap

A snippet from a working paper quoted in Carpe Diem post:

"There is no gender gap in wages among men and women with similar family roles. Comparing the wage gap between women and men ages 35-43 who have never married and never had a child, we find a small observed gap in favor of women, which becomes insignificant after accounting for differences in skills and job and workplace characteristics.

This observation is an important one because it suggests that the factors underlying the gender gap in pay primarily reflect choices made by men and women given their different societal roles, rather than labor market discrimination against women due to their sex."

The Pay Gap

MSNBC has an article (note the lack of adjective) entitled "One reason for pay gap: Women don't speak up" in which the author puts forth the possibility that one reason for the "pay gap" between men and women is that women simply don't ask for or negotiate for higher wages/salaries and men do. There is quite a bit in the article that I could do without, but it's still worth reading. After all, if the president of Harvard had written it, he might have been run out of town.

First Annual White Heterosexual Male Scholarship

Reason is covering the fallout from University of Rhode Island College Republicans' announcement of the titular scholarship.

Applicants were asked, first, to certify that they were indeed white, heterosexual, American and male and then to answer two questions: 'In 100 words or less, what does being a White Heterosexual American Male mean to you? As a White Heterosexual American Male, what adversities have you had to deal with and overcome?

After the College Republicans refused to apologize, the Advisory and Review Committee voted to derecognize them, only backing down after the Student Senate overturned them on constitutional grounds.

Some of the comments on Reason's blog are quite interesting. I particularly liked, "Whatever else might be said about the general concept of a race-specific scholarship, it's clear that the intent here is to generate controversy and piss people off. So that certainly qualifies the College Republicans for the "obnoxious asshole" label." Seems that after all the effort spent educating people on the injustice of racial and sexual discrimination, straight white men still get no respect on campuses across the nation.

VA vs MD vis a vis GDP

It is amazing to me how things which I consider positive values are often portrayed as failings by others. For instance, this is the opening of a column in the Richmond Times Dispatch:

Maryland's approval of an expanded smoking ban and a so-called living wage - both rejected in Virginia - is a reminder that the neighboring states are politically worlds apart.

"Maryland has been able to maintain a broader view of the public interest, what government can both reflect and be a catalyst," said J. Douglas Koelemay, an information-technology lobbyist who works in both states.

"Virginia sometimes sinks back to glorifying the individual and characterizing the government as a burden or oppressive force."

Maryland is my home State, to which my friends can attest I am inordinately attached. My family came to Maryland with the colony ships Ark and Dove in 1634, and have been there ever since, so I can claim as much regional heritage and pride as anyone in the United States, but I can't say I view my State taking a "broader view of the public interest, what government can both reflect and be a catalyst," as a positive thing. Andrew Roth at the Club for Growth fired back at this dismissal of "glorifying the individual" with some statistics.

Virginia has a higher GDP per capita than Maryland. Virginia's unemployment rate is also better, 3% vs. 3.6%. And perhaps most importantly, Virginia's population growth rate has been higher, 8% vs. 6%, since 2000 with Maryland actually experiencing negative net migration in 2006.

So, as much as it pains me to say it, I must give credit to VA for being the freer State. Apparently others want to give them the blame for the same thing.

Unfair Taxation

I have posted before on the percentage of the tax burden paid by the top earners in the US (top 50% of earners pay 97%, and the top 5% pay almost 60% of the taxes). Investor's Business Daily conducted a poll asking people what they thought of their own tax burden. Not surprisingly, everyone thought that they pay too much, even those who don't pay at all.

The average family in America pays about $5,405 a year. But if you make less than $20,000, according to Congress' Joint Economic Committee, you not only don't pay any taxes on average, the government gives you money. The tax burden for those earners between $20,000 to $30,000 is also small — $520 on average.

Thus, it's surprising to see in our own national poll that 58% of those with less than $30,000 in income think they "pay too much" in taxes, while just 11% say they pay "too little." Especially since just 26% of the same income group say those earning $100,000 or more "pay too much."

I know I pay too much! What about you?

"Unearned" Wealth & Character

One of the things in this world that doesn't really affect me, but which I really hate on principal is taxation levied on inheritances in one way or another. The way I see it, the money has already been taxed when the person giving it away earned it and there is no justification for taxing it a second time (I know that the premise of that position would lead to having to object to sales tax and, for that matter, almost every other kind of tax; I'm fine with that, for the time being).

One justification I have heard is that it is not fair that some people simply get a ton of money dumped into their laps because their parents (or someone else) gave it to them. The logic is that that creates inequality because some people have a "leg up" so to speak that they didn't earn themselves. To this, I respond in the first place that I do not accept the premise that inequality of this kind (or any other kind, for that matter) is an essentially bad thing. After all, some people are born taller than others. Should we force them to undergo some sort of surgical procedure to make sure that everyone is the same height? Of course not.

Likewise, to use a more pertinent example, economic inequality between people begins the moment they are conceived - not the moment their benefactor dies and wills something to them. After all, the fact that the child of a millionaire receives a large inheritance upon the death of his progenitor(s) most likely has far less to do with the inequality between him and the child of a lower income family than the very fact that he was raised by wealthier parents and, therefore, most likely enjoyed certain advantages such as better education, better contacts, etc.

Thus, I do not accept the premise that inequality should be avoided even at the cost of government intervention.

Furthermore, as long as the argument is focusing on fairness, I feel compelled to point out that my main objection to inheritance taxes is that someone who has worked very hard their entire life and has, through sheer determination, hard work, and frugality, managed to accumulate a decent amount of money which they would like to leave to their children (or someone else) will be taxed to death (no pun intended) on money on which they have already been taxed because they dare to give it to their children instead of spending it on themselves. This seems to be the real injustice here.

Another argument I have heard in defense of inheritance taxes is that, when someone inherits a large amount of money and, therefore, does not have to work as hard/efficiently/well/etc. to obtain what they need or desire, their character is the poorer for it. While I am inclined to accept this line of reasoning, I hold that it is not the government's function to take away someone's money for the betterment of their character or the perpetuation of the "American Spirit". It is not the government's job to try to encourage innovation and invention by imposing hardships.

Another argument I have heard is that inherited wealth is unearned and, therefore, somehow illegitimate and should be taxed or otherwise taken away by the government. This to me is just absurd. Where is it written that all assets must be earned by the person who possesses them!? Remember, of course, that even inherited wealth was earned - just not by the person inheriting. If one were to object that wealth derived from capital gains or other investments are unearned even by the person willing them to another, I would respond:

(a) Define "earned". In my opinion, wealth from investments (which is usually what I hear referred to as "unearned") is in fact earned. After all, the person only received that wealth in exchange for the use of their capital for a period of time during which the person could not use it themselves. Thus, the person earned the resulting capital gain by means of delayed gratification - they earned it by having the self control to commit to not using it for a period of time.

(b) Even granting that wealth derived from non Wages/Salaries/Tips (can you tell that I recently did my taxes) sources isn't "earned", what does that have to do with anything? Why is unearned wealth somehow bad? Why does the government have the right to tax unearned wealth qua unearned? Is it somehow detrimental to society and therefore worthy of being discouraged by means of taxation? Absolutely not - quite the opposite.

(c) Again, even granting that wealth derived from non Wages/Salaries/Tips sources isn't "earned", and that unearned wealth is somehow illegitimate when inherited, all that means is that inheritance tax should be set up in such a way that only unearned wealth is taxed. I believe, though, that this would prove to be impossible in the real world.

To address once again the hidden premise that all wealth should be earned by the person who possesses it: this premise is so absurd I don't know if it is even worth addressing. Wouldn't accepting this premise necessarily lead to the taxation of teenagers for every dollar of benefit they derive from their parents? Food, shelter, clothing, education, rearing, etc. All of it is a form of wealth - much of it tangible and much of it such that they will continue to possess it even after they leave the nest - and not earned by them.

While I have been meaning to post on this topic for quite some time, the catalyst for this happening today was and article on TCS Daily entitled "The Perils of Unearned Wealth" in which the author sketches a brief outline of the problems that arise when people inherit wealth rather than earning it themselves.

To be clear: I am well on board with the idea that people who inherit most or all of their wealth early in life turn out the poorer (in terms of character) for it. I would tend to agree with the author:

"Scarcity is a tutor and when it is no longer there to restrain our appetites, only character remains. If character was never developed... well, just watch today's news and you'll see."

This detrimental effect of inherited wealth, however, is not a necessity but simply what seems to happen a large portion of the time. It seems to me, then, that, as with virtually everything (tangible and intangible), there are good and bad ends to which inherited wealth can be put and, as is more pertinent for this discussion, good and bad effect that it can have of itself. Given the fact that there are good - or at least neutral - effects that it can have, it seems that it should not be subject to regulation, just as kitchen knives, which can be used to murder people, are not regulated because they are primarily intended and used for perfectly legitimate purposes.

It seems obvious that society cannot accept the premise that, if something is potentially harmful, it should be regulated or forbidden. If society were to accept that premise, society would simply cease to function.

Thus, even though I would hold that it is the case that inherited wealth often has bad effects, I do not think that it should be punished in and of itself by means of a tax that applies to everyone regardless of their character and whether it would be adversely affected by it.

Also, I would like to point out that how one's character is affected by inherited wealth has to do with how one is raised and how one develops as a person before (at least logically if not temporally) the inherited wealth comes into the picture. I would hold that the root cause of detrimental character affects is not the inheriting of the wealth, but the prerequisite character flaws that occasion it. If that is the case, what the government should focus on affecting (assuming the government has a right to be involved in such matters in the first place) is the earlier character formation - not the amount of money a poorly formed character inherits later.

As an aside, I hold that the extent of the government's legitimate role is such things as character development would be ensuring a stable peace in society (primarily through law enforcement and civil defense) in which people can develop independent of government influence - precious little, if any, more.

Anyway! That was a very long post simply to say that I don't like inheritance taxes.

The Benefits of Having a Degree

CARPE DIEM has put together a great, simple graph showing the difference in unemployment rates between those holding college degrees (or higher) and those not holding high school degrees.

Choices and Wealth

TCS Daily has a great article entitled "Two Americas, Indeed" in which the author discusses the point that becoming wealthy is largely a function of a basic choice, namely, to live below one's means, and not simply a function of how much money one earns (which, itself is also partially a function of previous choices). Citing the book "The Millionaire Next Door", which I've never found the time to read, the author points out such facts as, among millionaires, most have not inherited their wealth and fewer than 20% have inherited 10% of their wealth.

A number of thoughts either contained in the article or evoked by it are 1) trying to "fight" income inequality via government intervention or any other measure won't necessarily have a big impact on wealth inequality since, again, wealth is not entirely a function of income, but rather of lifestyle choices; 2) I consider the purpose of saving, investing, growing wealth etc. not an end unto itself, but rather spending that wealth later, whether on myself or giving it away as I see fit. Thus, growing wealth is an exercise is delayed gratification. Thus, to a great extent, trying to close the wealth gap by taxing or otherwise punishing people who manage to accumulate a certain amount of wealth is, to a great extent, simply punishing the choice to enjoy the fruits of one's labor later rather than immediately, which seems an awfully arbitrary thing to do.

I encourage you to read the entire article.

Economics and Morality

TCS Daily has a good article entitled "The Morality of Rising Inequality". The article touches upon at least three different, very large topics of interest and concern to me: the relation of Economics to Ethics/Morality, Relative Wealth, which we have been posting about recently, and inequality. I will have to reserve most of my thoughts for future, more well planned posts.

Right now, I would simply like to highlight the point made in the article that Economics and Morality are separate disciplines. That is, Economics can tell us what is happening, usually why it is happening, usually whether it will continue and for how long, etc. It doesn't attempt to tell us whether or not this event/effect is a good or bad thing - except in economic terms. The specific case in question regards the situation of rising inequality among classes of people and whether this is a good, bad, or neutral thing. Economics does not attempt to answer that question - that is the realm of other disciplines (perhaps Morality, Politics, Socio-Political Philosophy, etc.).

Therefore, I propose the following analogy (poor as it may be): when people opposed on one level or another to what is generally called capitalism or derogatorily called "laissez fair capitalism" attack economics based on their perception that it is responsible for institutionalizing greed, materialism, etc., it is like a person who criticizes the indicator lights on a machine that, under the supervision of an operator, is producing a product that the person doesn't like. What they should really criticize (I leave the issue of whether their criticism is valid or not out) is either the machine that is not capable of producing what they consider to be a good product or the operator who is operating a perfectly good machine in such a way that it produces an unacceptable product or both, insofar as they both contribute to the undesired outcome.

German Brain Drain

The New York Times has an interesting report about Germans fleeing their country for greener economic pastures. We here have commented on the trend of wealthy people in Europe and elsewhere moving their assets to low tax jurisdictions, and the uproar this caused, especially in France. Imagine what is happening now that educated professionals are joining the very wealthy in seeking more accommodating locations.

Among the more popular programs on German television is “Goodbye Deutschland!: The Emigrants,” a 12-part series chronicling several families who have forsaken Germany for South Africa or southern Spain.
The trigger for this latest bout of angst was the release last fall of new government statistics showing that 144,800 Germans emigrated in 2005, up from 109,500 in 2001. At the same time, only 128,100 Germans returned, a decline of nearly 50,000 from the year before. That made it the first year in nearly four decades that more people left than came home.

These emigrants are not just teenagers looking for adventure abroad, but doctors, engineers, executives, and entrepreneurs. The life blood of a nation. Germany is now worried about replacing its educated classes as the current crop retire, but no amount of patriotic platitudes will convince people to stay when they know that they can have a better life somewhere else.

Follow-up: Two Measures of Wealth

I received a very well crafted set of thoughts from Dane regarding my post, Two Measures of Wealth. I would like to address those thoughts in a new post because:

1. Dane's comments are quite good and I want everyone to see them.
   
2. Both Dane's comments and my response are quite long and I think it would be a bit awkward carrying on the entire discussion in a comment thread.
3. I concede a point to Dane and don't want to hide that fact.
   
4. I hope this encourages others to comment as well.

Before reading my response below, one should read Dane's comments.

My response:

Dane, I agree with your first point regarding what is most important to consider in these matters. I agree with your second point that the first consideration begs the second - whether one's lot is improving.

By the way, thank you for not mentioning the obvious philosophical issues with my use of the word "absolute" in the post. As I hope everyone understands, I meant the word in a very specific, economic context.

Anyway! Back to your comments: As to your third consideration, i.e., whether one class or group is improving as quickly as another, I will partially recant and agree that it is not a foolish thing to consider in, say, an academic way. I do, however, maintain my position regarding its ridiculous, deceitful current use in politics. Since, though, you did not address that statement, I will assume that you do not take issue with that unless you state otherwise.

With regard to your analogy regarding a child's height, I have some thoughts: it is going to be very hard, if not impossible, to hammer out what we should consider stunted, normal, or above average economic growth rates for the various strata of society. This is because, to come up with averages and the like, one needs historical records pertaining to similar situations. I would maintain that our current socio-economic situation is unique in human history (by the way, I would probably argue that most socio-economic situations specified by time and geography are unique). Thus, I think it a Pandora's Box to try to engage in discussions of whether "the poorer economic class(es) in America in 2007 are experiencing stunted, normal, or above average growth."

Thus, I circle back and agree with you that what really matters in these discussions are whether or not people are capable of living humane lives, not whether the growth rate for their economic class is not as phenomenal as that of richer classes nor whether their growth rate is, for lack of a better word, "poor" compared to what "it should be", i.e., the average.

Update: See CAPRE DIEM's article, Economic Growth, for more regarding historical growth rates.

More on Relative Wealth

An interesting article in the New York Times by Tyler Cowen, Incomes and Inequality: What the Numbers Don’t Tell Us, addresses the causes of inequality. It also touches on the more important question of why and if we should worry about it.

"Happiness, possibly the most relevant variable for a study of inequality, is also the hardest to measure. Nonetheless, inequality of happiness is usually less marked than inequality of income, at least in wealthy societies. A man earning $500,000 a year is not usually 10 times as happy as a man earning $50,000 a year. The $50,000 earner still enjoys most of the conveniences of the modern world. Even if more money makes people happier, it appears to do so at a declining rate, which places a natural check on the inequality of happiness. . . .

The broader philosophical question is why we should worry about inequality — of any kind — much at all. Life is not a race against fellow human beings, and we should discourage people from treating it as such. Many of the rich have made the mistake of viewing their lives as a game of relative status. So why should economists promote this same zero-sum worldview? Yes, there are corporate scandals, but it remains the case that most American wealth today is produced rather than taken from other people."

Cafe Hayek notes that the marginal value of money falls rapidly after a certain point. This means that taking $100,000 from Bill Gates and giving it to me will not make Bill any less happy, but will significantly improve my state in life.
However, "given that Bill Gates almost surely has a greater talent for contributing to the happiness of humankind than I have [evidenced by his wealth], it's especially important that he continue to confront keen incentives to continue contributing to that happiness. Precisely because an extra dollar in Gates's wallet means less to him the more dollars he earns, he needs to earn ever-more dollars per year in order to keep keen his incentives to innovate and produce and sweat the details of satisfying consumer demands."

Which leads to the interesting thought that Windows Visa sucking can be blamed on taking a large portion of the money Gates would have made, which removed "his incentives to innovate and produce and sweat the details of satisfying consumer demands." If you want a flawless, less broken OS, let Gates keep the money.

The Two Measures of Wealth

There are two ways you can look at almost, if not, everything: absolutely and relatively. That is, you can talk about something in terms of how it is in and of itself or you can talk about something insofar as it relates to another thing. For instance, when describing someone, I can talk about their height either in terms of feet and inches (absolutely) or I can talk about their height insofar as it is more or less than someone else's (relatively).

This pair of perspectives also applies when talking about wealth (or standard of living, for that matter). We can talk about how well off someone is either absolutely or relative to someone else.

To illustrate, think of a young teenager who has spent his summer delivering newspaper and saved $250. During the same summer, the neighbors next door earned a total of $10,000. Thus, the neighbors earned 40 times as much as the boy. The boy spent his money on things like games, movies, etc. The following year, the boy spent the summer mowing lawns for neighbors (including the neighbors in questions) and, thus, saved up $500. His neighbors also did better, earning a total of $25,000, meaning that they earned 50 times as much as the boy. The boy, again, spent his money on things like games, movies, etc., but still had money left over when the summer was over since he had more to begin with.

Question: was the boy better or worse off in the second year? Well, it depends whether you consider absolute wealth as more important than relative wealth. That is, in absolute terms, the boy was much better off (100%, in fact) in the second year. (I'm glossing over the issue of inflation because, even if there were an unusually high inflation rate, the boy would still come out with somewhere north of 90% additional purchasing power.) On the other hand, if you care about relative wealth, than the boy was actually worse off the second year because his neighbors (those to whom we are comparing him) went from earning 40 times more than him to 50 times more than him. Thus, the boy was not "keeping up with the Joneses".

Question: Does it matter that someone else's earnings increased at a faster rate than the boys? Does this affect his purchasing power? No. The boy can still purchase much more than he could in the previous year regardless of the purchasing power of his neighbors (or employers).

To put it a different way, if someone were to ask the boy whether he would rather earn $500 while his neighbors earned $25,000 (a 50 fold difference) or earn $300 while his neighbors
earned $13,500, what do you think he would say? Of course, he would take the $500 since the ratio of how much the neighbors made to how much he made is irrelevant to him (except, perhaps, insofar as them earning more could lead to them paying him more for services rendered or giving him additional opportunities for work for which they would otherwise not have been willing to pay). Meaning, a wealth gap, might actually be an indicator of good economic prospects for him rather than an indicator of his economic demise.

The boy would simply not care that the "wealth gap" was widening between him and his neighbors. What is important to him is his own actual situation.

This issue of a "wealth gap" has come up in the politics recently, as TCS Daily points out. Apparently, Democrats are currently focusing on relative wealth, while President Bush is focusing on absolute wealth. I don't want to focus here on issues being disputed by the political parties because I don't want to become an apologist for either party. What I want to focus on is that some politicians are focusing on relative wealth, while others are focusing on absolute wealth. In case you haven't figured it out already, I think it is absolutely foolish to focus on relative wealth. When the standard of living and amount of disposable income for most of the population is at incredible highs, it seems to be a ridiculous, deceitful tactic to try to describe the middle class as dying out simply because a bunch of CEOs happen to be raking in enormous salaries, thus making the gap between their incomes and those of the average American wider.

The article is worth reading.